{"id":872,"date":"2023-06-01T17:09:06","date_gmt":"2023-06-01T17:09:06","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/ai-box.eu\/?p=872"},"modified":"2023-06-01T17:15:04","modified_gmt":"2023-06-01T17:15:04","slug":"yolov5-optimization-of-training-data-for-pfm-1-antipersonnel-mine-detection","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/ai-box.eu\/en\/ai-pipeline-en\/yolov5-optimization-of-training-data-for-pfm-1-antipersonnel-mine-detection\/872\/","title":{"rendered":"YOLOv5 &#8211; Optimization of training data for PFM-1 antipersonnel mine detection"},"content":{"rendered":"<p>After training the first 31 models for anti-personnel mine detection, my data set has grown significantly. The goal was to reduce the false positives. This was because there were always leaves detected that were similar to a PFM-1 anti-personnel mine and were falsely detected as such. In order for the YOLOv5 network to learn that leaves should not be detected as mines, a larger number of images of grass, trees, bushes, raspberry plantations etc. were mixed into the training data. Furthermore, a dataset showing synthetic images of PFM-1 mines from a drone&#8217;s point of view was mixed in. Thus, thanks to this dataset, the perspective could be extended to the top-down view of a drone on PFM-1 mines. Furthermore, existing image information was cleaned and enriched to reduce typical features of the PFM-1 mine that had become too prominent to allow for more general detection. It is normal that the PFM-1 mine can only be recognized in parts and still has to be recognized. If then a characteristic predominates with the recognition which can be possibly covered leads to a not recognizing of the mine.<\/p>\n<p>In summary, the data generated in this way has had great success in optimizing the training data and significantly improving the results.<\/p>\n<div id=\"ez-toc-container\" class=\"ez-toc-v2_0_82_2 counter-hierarchy ez-toc-counter ez-toc-grey ez-toc-container-direction\">\n<div class=\"ez-toc-title-container\">\n<p class=\"ez-toc-title\" style=\"cursor:inherit\">Table of Contents<\/p>\n<span class=\"ez-toc-title-toggle\"><a href=\"#\" class=\"ez-toc-pull-right ez-toc-btn ez-toc-btn-xs ez-toc-btn-default ez-toc-toggle\" aria-label=\"Toggle Table of Content\"><span class=\"ez-toc-js-icon-con\"><span class=\"\"><span class=\"eztoc-hide\" style=\"display:none;\">Toggle<\/span><span class=\"ez-toc-icon-toggle-span\"><svg style=\"fill: #999;color:#999\" xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\" class=\"list-377408\" width=\"20px\" height=\"20px\" viewBox=\"0 0 24 24\" fill=\"none\"><path d=\"M6 6H4v2h2V6zm14 0H8v2h12V6zM4 11h2v2H4v-2zm16 0H8v2h12v-2zM4 16h2v2H4v-2zm16 0H8v2h12v-2z\" fill=\"currentColor\"><\/path><\/svg><svg style=\"fill: #999;color:#999\" class=\"arrow-unsorted-368013\" xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\" width=\"10px\" height=\"10px\" viewBox=\"0 0 24 24\" version=\"1.2\" baseProfile=\"tiny\"><path d=\"M18.2 9.3l-6.2-6.3-6.2 6.3c-.2.2-.3.4-.3.7s.1.5.3.7c.2.2.4.3.7.3h11c.3 0 .5-.1.7-.3.2-.2.3-.5.3-.7s-.1-.5-.3-.7zM5.8 14.7l6.2 6.3 6.2-6.3c.2-.2.3-.5.3-.7s-.1-.5-.3-.7c-.2-.2-.4-.3-.7-.3h-11c-.3 0-.5.1-.7.3-.2.2-.3.5-.3.7s.1.5.3.7z\"\/><\/svg><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/a><\/span><\/div>\n<nav><ul class='ez-toc-list ez-toc-list-level-1 ' ><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-2'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-1\" href=\"https:\/\/ai-box.eu\/en\/ai-pipeline-en\/yolov5-optimization-of-training-data-for-pfm-1-antipersonnel-mine-detection\/872\/#Preparation_of_the_training_data\" >Preparation of the training data<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-2'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-2\" href=\"https:\/\/ai-box.eu\/en\/ai-pipeline-en\/yolov5-optimization-of-training-data-for-pfm-1-antipersonnel-mine-detection\/872\/#Training_data_overview\" >Training data overview<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-2'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-3\" href=\"https:\/\/ai-box.eu\/en\/ai-pipeline-en\/yolov5-optimization-of-training-data-for-pfm-1-antipersonnel-mine-detection\/872\/#Evaluation\" >Evaluation<\/a><ul class='ez-toc-list-level-3' ><li class='ez-toc-heading-level-3'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-4\" href=\"https:\/\/ai-box.eu\/en\/ai-pipeline-en\/yolov5-optimization-of-training-data-for-pfm-1-antipersonnel-mine-detection\/872\/#Validation_curves\" >Validation curves<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-3'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-5\" href=\"https:\/\/ai-box.eu\/en\/ai-pipeline-en\/yolov5-optimization-of-training-data-for-pfm-1-antipersonnel-mine-detection\/872\/#Validation_Batch_Labels\" >Validation Batch Labels<\/a><\/li><\/ul><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-2'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-6\" href=\"https:\/\/ai-box.eu\/en\/ai-pipeline-en\/yolov5-optimization-of-training-data-for-pfm-1-antipersonnel-mine-detection\/872\/#FPM-1_Mine_Detector_Video\" >FPM-1 Mine Detector Video<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-2'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-7\" href=\"https:\/\/ai-box.eu\/en\/ai-pipeline-en\/yolov5-optimization-of-training-data-for-pfm-1-antipersonnel-mine-detection\/872\/#Summary\" >Summary<\/a><\/li><\/ul><\/nav><\/div>\n<h2><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"Preparation_of_the_training_data\"><\/span>Preparation of the training data<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h2>\n<p>The training data is based on 326 PFM-1 images that I searched for on the internet, rendered in Blender and then processed. During the preparation process, I used Segment-Anything to crop the images and partially removed prominent marks from the images of the PFM-1 mines.<\/p>\n<div id=\"attachment_858\" style=\"width: 310px\" class=\"wp-caption alignnone\"><a href=\"https:\/\/ai-box.eu\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/06\/PFM-1-overview-cutout-300x232.png\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" aria-describedby=\"caption-attachment-858\" class=\"wp-image-858 size-medium\" src=\"https:\/\/ai-box.eu\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/06\/PFM-1-overview-cutout-300x232.png\" alt=\"PFM-1 - overview cut out\" width=\"300\" height=\"232\" srcset=\"https:\/\/ai-box.eu\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/06\/PFM-1-overview-cutout-300x232.png 300w, https:\/\/ai-box.eu\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/06\/PFM-1-overview-cutout-1024x793.png 1024w, https:\/\/ai-box.eu\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/06\/PFM-1-overview-cutout-768x595.png 768w, https:\/\/ai-box.eu\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/06\/PFM-1-overview-cutout.png 1069w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 300px) 100vw, 300px\" \/><\/a><p id=\"caption-attachment-858\" class=\"wp-caption-text\">PFM-1 &#8211; overview cut out<\/p><\/div>\n<p>From these images prepared in this way, I created a total of 3,912 images by rotating them and making parts of the mines transparent. These so-called foreground images were placed on a total of 1,707 background images. Always four foreground images were placed on a background image in a size of 3% to 5% of the background image. The position of each foreground image was randomly determined. A label file conforming to the YOLO format was created for each image.<\/p>\n<div id=\"attachment_860\" style=\"width: 310px\" class=\"wp-caption alignnone\"><a href=\"https:\/\/ai-box.eu\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/06\/PFM-1-rotation-300x178.png\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" aria-describedby=\"caption-attachment-860\" class=\"wp-image-860 size-medium\" src=\"https:\/\/ai-box.eu\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/06\/PFM-1-rotation-300x178.png\" alt=\"PFM-1 - cut out rotation\" width=\"300\" height=\"178\" srcset=\"https:\/\/ai-box.eu\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/06\/PFM-1-rotation-300x178.png 300w, https:\/\/ai-box.eu\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/06\/PFM-1-rotation-1024x608.png 1024w, https:\/\/ai-box.eu\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/06\/PFM-1-rotation-768x456.png 768w, https:\/\/ai-box.eu\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/06\/PFM-1-rotation.png 1057w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 300px) 100vw, 300px\" \/><\/a><p id=\"caption-attachment-860\" class=\"wp-caption-text\">PFM-1 &#8211; cut out rotation<\/p><\/div>\n<p>The background images were composed of different photos. For example, images from meadows, department stores, parks, industrial plants, beaches, aquariums, etc. in order to also get an appropriate noise in the synthetically generated image for the training of the neural network.<\/p>\n<div id=\"attachment_862\" style=\"width: 310px\" class=\"wp-caption alignnone\"><a href=\"https:\/\/ai-box.eu\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/06\/Background_mix-300x213.png\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" aria-describedby=\"caption-attachment-862\" class=\"wp-image-862 size-medium\" src=\"https:\/\/ai-box.eu\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/06\/Background_mix-300x213.png\" alt=\"Background picture mix\" width=\"300\" height=\"213\" srcset=\"https:\/\/ai-box.eu\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/06\/Background_mix-300x213.png 300w, https:\/\/ai-box.eu\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/06\/Background_mix-1024x725.png 1024w, https:\/\/ai-box.eu\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/06\/Background_mix-768x544.png 768w, https:\/\/ai-box.eu\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/06\/Background_mix-400x284.png 400w, https:\/\/ai-box.eu\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/06\/Background_mix.png 1036w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 300px) 100vw, 300px\" \/><\/a><p id=\"caption-attachment-862\" class=\"wp-caption-text\">Background picture mix<\/p><\/div>\n<p>In addition, background images generated with Stable-Diffusion were created with prompts like Gothic-Industrial or Warzone. But also prompts on the theme of opencast mining \/ industrial plants delivered quite useful results. Accordingly, the background images were very diverse and in total 1,707 background images were used.<\/p>\n<div id=\"attachment_864\" style=\"width: 310px\" class=\"wp-caption alignnone\"><a href=\"https:\/\/ai-box.eu\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/06\/Stable_Diffusion_Background-300x192.png\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" aria-describedby=\"caption-attachment-864\" class=\"wp-image-864 size-medium\" src=\"https:\/\/ai-box.eu\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/06\/Stable_Diffusion_Background-300x192.png\" alt=\"Stable-Diffusion Background pictures\" width=\"300\" height=\"192\" srcset=\"https:\/\/ai-box.eu\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/06\/Stable_Diffusion_Background-300x192.png 300w, https:\/\/ai-box.eu\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/06\/Stable_Diffusion_Background-768x492.png 768w, https:\/\/ai-box.eu\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/06\/Stable_Diffusion_Background.png 1025w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 300px) 100vw, 300px\" \/><\/a><p id=\"caption-attachment-864\" class=\"wp-caption-text\">Stable-Diffusion Background pictures<\/p><\/div>\n<p>After the images were created, they were further processed as a whole. This included saving the color images as grayscale images. Then a blurr filter was applied to the color and gray tone images. So a slight blur was brought into the training images.<\/p>\n<p>The approx. 800 drone images were only converted to grayscale images and processed with the blurr filter. No further adjustments were made here.<\/p>\n<p>The following picture shows four PFM-1 mines in a meadow. This is what all the images used for the training looked like.<\/p>\n<div id=\"attachment_866\" style=\"width: 1034px\" class=\"wp-caption alignnone\"><a href=\"https:\/\/ai-box.eu\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/06\/LabelImg_screenshot-1024x585.png\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" aria-describedby=\"caption-attachment-866\" class=\"size-large wp-image-866\" src=\"https:\/\/ai-box.eu\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/06\/LabelImg_screenshot-1024x585.png\" alt=\"LabelImg - PFM-1 screenshot\" width=\"1024\" height=\"585\" srcset=\"https:\/\/ai-box.eu\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/06\/LabelImg_screenshot-1024x585.png 1024w, https:\/\/ai-box.eu\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/06\/LabelImg_screenshot-300x171.png 300w, https:\/\/ai-box.eu\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/06\/LabelImg_screenshot-768x438.png 768w, https:\/\/ai-box.eu\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/06\/LabelImg_screenshot-1536x877.png 1536w, https:\/\/ai-box.eu\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/06\/LabelImg_screenshot-1080x617.png 1080w, https:\/\/ai-box.eu\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/06\/LabelImg_screenshot.png 1848w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 1024px) 100vw, 1024px\" \/><\/a><p id=\"caption-attachment-866\" class=\"wp-caption-text\">LabelImg &#8211; PFM-1 screenshot<\/p><\/div>\n<p>In total, 108,224 records or 56.1 GB of data were generated using this method. These were divided for the training of the YOLOv5m network as shown in more detail in the following section.<\/p>\n<h2><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"Training_data_overview\"><\/span>Training data overview<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h2>\n<p>The overview shows roughly how the training data was structured without going into the details of how it was created. In total, the training data was divided into five folders.<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>20230527_negative\n<ul>\n<li>train (200 images)<\/li>\n<li>val (13 images)<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<li>20230529_training_data\n<ul>\n<li>train (41.997 images)<\/li>\n<li>val (6.000 images)<\/li>\n<li>test (11.999 images)<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<li>drone_rgb\n<ul>\n<li>train (6.822 images)<\/li>\n<li>val (976 images)<\/li>\n<li>test (1.949 images)<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<li>drone_gray_scale_rgb\n<ul>\n<li>train (6.822 images)<\/li>\n<li>val (976 images)<\/li>\n<li>test (1.949 images)<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<li>drone_blurred_rgb_gray_scale_rgb\n<ul>\n<li>train (17.787 images)<\/li>\n<li>val (3.701 images)<\/li>\n<li>test ( 7.033 images)<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>Afterwards, the model was trained with 200 EPOCH for about 26 hours on my NVIDIA A6000.<\/p>\n<h2><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"Evaluation\"><\/span><strong>Evaluation<\/strong><span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h2>\n<p>According to the data preparation, the EXP35 model trained in this way had never seen real images of the PFM-1 mine but only synthetically created images. Only during the evaluation the freely available data set was shown to the finished model.<\/p>\n<p><strong>Evaluation Dataset:<\/strong> <a href=\"https:\/\/app.roboflow.com\/synthetic-data\/bing\/2\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">https:\/\/app.roboflow.com\/synthetic-data\/bing\/2<\/a><\/p>\n<p>The result of the evaluation looked like this and I was able to achieve a 0.819 mAP initially:<\/p>\n<h3><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"Validation_curves\"><\/span>Validation curves<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h3>\n<table style=\"border-collapse: collapse; width: 100%;\">\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"width: 50%;\">\n<p><div id=\"attachment_833\" style=\"width: 310px\" class=\"wp-caption alignnone\"><a href=\"https:\/\/ai-box.eu\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/06\/confusion_matrix-300x225.png\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" aria-describedby=\"caption-attachment-833\" class=\"wp-image-833 size-medium\" src=\"https:\/\/ai-box.eu\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/06\/confusion_matrix-300x225.png\" alt=\"EXP35 Validation - confusion matrix\" width=\"300\" height=\"225\" srcset=\"https:\/\/ai-box.eu\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/06\/confusion_matrix-300x225.png 300w, https:\/\/ai-box.eu\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/06\/confusion_matrix-1024x768.png 1024w, https:\/\/ai-box.eu\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/06\/confusion_matrix-768x576.png 768w, https:\/\/ai-box.eu\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/06\/confusion_matrix-1536x1152.png 1536w, https:\/\/ai-box.eu\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/06\/confusion_matrix-2048x1536.png 2048w, https:\/\/ai-box.eu\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/06\/confusion_matrix-1080x810.png 1080w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 300px) 100vw, 300px\" \/><\/a><p id=\"caption-attachment-833\" class=\"wp-caption-text\">EXP35 Validation &#8211; confusion matrix<\/p><\/div><\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 50%;\">\n<p><div id=\"attachment_835\" style=\"width: 310px\" class=\"wp-caption alignnone\"><a href=\"https:\/\/ai-box.eu\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/06\/F1_curve-300x200.png\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" aria-describedby=\"caption-attachment-835\" class=\"wp-image-835 size-medium\" src=\"https:\/\/ai-box.eu\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/06\/F1_curve-300x200.png\" alt=\"EXP35 Validation - F1_curve\" width=\"300\" height=\"200\" srcset=\"https:\/\/ai-box.eu\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/06\/F1_curve-300x200.png 300w, https:\/\/ai-box.eu\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/06\/F1_curve-1024x683.png 1024w, https:\/\/ai-box.eu\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/06\/F1_curve-768x512.png 768w, https:\/\/ai-box.eu\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/06\/F1_curve-1536x1024.png 1536w, https:\/\/ai-box.eu\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/06\/F1_curve-2048x1365.png 2048w, https:\/\/ai-box.eu\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/06\/F1_curve-1080x720.png 1080w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 300px) 100vw, 300px\" \/><\/a><p id=\"caption-attachment-835\" class=\"wp-caption-text\">EXP35 Validation &#8211; F1_curve<\/p><\/div><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"width: 50%;\">\n<p><div id=\"attachment_837\" style=\"width: 310px\" class=\"wp-caption alignnone\"><a href=\"https:\/\/ai-box.eu\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/06\/P_curve-300x200.png\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" aria-describedby=\"caption-attachment-837\" class=\"wp-image-837 size-medium\" src=\"https:\/\/ai-box.eu\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/06\/P_curve-300x200.png\" alt=\"EXP35 Validation - P_curve\" width=\"300\" height=\"200\" srcset=\"https:\/\/ai-box.eu\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/06\/P_curve-300x200.png 300w, https:\/\/ai-box.eu\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/06\/P_curve-1024x683.png 1024w, https:\/\/ai-box.eu\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/06\/P_curve-768x512.png 768w, https:\/\/ai-box.eu\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/06\/P_curve-1536x1024.png 1536w, https:\/\/ai-box.eu\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/06\/P_curve-2048x1365.png 2048w, https:\/\/ai-box.eu\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/06\/P_curve-1080x720.png 1080w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 300px) 100vw, 300px\" \/><\/a><p id=\"caption-attachment-837\" class=\"wp-caption-text\">EXP35 Validation &#8211; P_curve<\/p><\/div><\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 50%;\">\n<p><div id=\"attachment_839\" style=\"width: 310px\" class=\"wp-caption alignnone\"><a href=\"https:\/\/ai-box.eu\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/06\/PR_curve-300x200.png\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" aria-describedby=\"caption-attachment-839\" class=\"wp-image-839 size-medium\" src=\"https:\/\/ai-box.eu\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/06\/PR_curve-300x200.png\" alt=\"EXP35 Validation - PR_curve\" width=\"300\" height=\"200\" srcset=\"https:\/\/ai-box.eu\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/06\/PR_curve-300x200.png 300w, https:\/\/ai-box.eu\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/06\/PR_curve-1024x683.png 1024w, https:\/\/ai-box.eu\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/06\/PR_curve-768x512.png 768w, https:\/\/ai-box.eu\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/06\/PR_curve-1536x1024.png 1536w, https:\/\/ai-box.eu\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/06\/PR_curve-2048x1365.png 2048w, https:\/\/ai-box.eu\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/06\/PR_curve-1080x720.png 1080w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 300px) 100vw, 300px\" \/><\/a><p id=\"caption-attachment-839\" class=\"wp-caption-text\">EXP35 Validation &#8211; PR_curve<\/p><\/div><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"width: 50%;\">\n<div id=\"attachment_841\" style=\"width: 310px\" class=\"wp-caption alignnone\"><a href=\"https:\/\/ai-box.eu\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/06\/R_curve-300x200.png\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" aria-describedby=\"caption-attachment-841\" class=\"wp-image-841 size-medium\" src=\"https:\/\/ai-box.eu\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/06\/R_curve-300x200.png\" alt=\"EXP35 Validation - R_curve\" width=\"300\" height=\"200\" srcset=\"https:\/\/ai-box.eu\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/06\/R_curve-300x200.png 300w, https:\/\/ai-box.eu\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/06\/R_curve-1024x683.png 1024w, https:\/\/ai-box.eu\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/06\/R_curve-768x512.png 768w, https:\/\/ai-box.eu\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/06\/R_curve-1536x1024.png 1536w, https:\/\/ai-box.eu\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/06\/R_curve-2048x1365.png 2048w, https:\/\/ai-box.eu\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/06\/R_curve-1080x720.png 1080w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 300px) 100vw, 300px\" \/><\/a><p id=\"caption-attachment-841\" class=\"wp-caption-text\">EXP35 Validation &#8211; R_curve<\/p><\/div>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 50%;\"><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n<h3><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"Validation_Batch_Labels\"><\/span>Validation Batch Labels<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h3>\n<table style=\"border-collapse: collapse; width: 100%;\">\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"width: 50%;\">\n<p><div id=\"attachment_843\" style=\"width: 310px\" class=\"wp-caption alignnone\"><a href=\"https:\/\/ai-box.eu\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/06\/val_batch0_labels-300x243.jpg\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" aria-describedby=\"caption-attachment-843\" class=\"wp-image-843 size-medium\" src=\"https:\/\/ai-box.eu\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/06\/val_batch0_labels-300x243.jpg\" alt=\"EXP35 Validation - val_batch0_labels\" width=\"300\" height=\"243\" srcset=\"https:\/\/ai-box.eu\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/06\/val_batch0_labels-300x243.jpg 300w, https:\/\/ai-box.eu\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/06\/val_batch0_labels-1024x830.jpg 1024w, https:\/\/ai-box.eu\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/06\/val_batch0_labels-768x622.jpg 768w, https:\/\/ai-box.eu\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/06\/val_batch0_labels-1536x1245.jpg 1536w, https:\/\/ai-box.eu\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/06\/val_batch0_labels-1080x875.jpg 1080w, https:\/\/ai-box.eu\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/06\/val_batch0_labels.jpg 1920w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 300px) 100vw, 300px\" \/><\/a><p id=\"caption-attachment-843\" class=\"wp-caption-text\">EXP35 Validation &#8211; val_batch0_labels<\/p><\/div><\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 50%;\">\n<p><div id=\"attachment_845\" style=\"width: 310px\" class=\"wp-caption alignnone\"><a href=\"https:\/\/ai-box.eu\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/06\/val_batch0_pred-300x243.jpg\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" aria-describedby=\"caption-attachment-845\" class=\"wp-image-845 size-medium\" src=\"https:\/\/ai-box.eu\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/06\/val_batch0_pred-300x243.jpg\" alt=\"EXP35 Validation - val_batch0_pred\" width=\"300\" height=\"243\" srcset=\"https:\/\/ai-box.eu\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/06\/val_batch0_pred-300x243.jpg 300w, https:\/\/ai-box.eu\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/06\/val_batch0_pred-1024x830.jpg 1024w, https:\/\/ai-box.eu\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/06\/val_batch0_pred-768x622.jpg 768w, https:\/\/ai-box.eu\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/06\/val_batch0_pred-1536x1245.jpg 1536w, https:\/\/ai-box.eu\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/06\/val_batch0_pred-1080x875.jpg 1080w, https:\/\/ai-box.eu\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/06\/val_batch0_pred.jpg 1920w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 300px) 100vw, 300px\" \/><\/a><p id=\"caption-attachment-845\" class=\"wp-caption-text\">EXP35 Validation &#8211; val_batch0_pred<\/p><\/div><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"width: 50%;\">\n<p><div id=\"attachment_847\" style=\"width: 310px\" class=\"wp-caption alignnone\"><a href=\"https:\/\/ai-box.eu\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/06\/val_batch1_labels-300x243.jpg\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" aria-describedby=\"caption-attachment-847\" class=\"wp-image-847 size-medium\" src=\"https:\/\/ai-box.eu\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/06\/val_batch1_labels-300x243.jpg\" alt=\"EXP35 Validation - val_batch1_labels\" width=\"300\" height=\"243\" srcset=\"https:\/\/ai-box.eu\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/06\/val_batch1_labels-300x243.jpg 300w, https:\/\/ai-box.eu\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/06\/val_batch1_labels-1024x830.jpg 1024w, https:\/\/ai-box.eu\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/06\/val_batch1_labels-768x622.jpg 768w, https:\/\/ai-box.eu\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/06\/val_batch1_labels-1536x1245.jpg 1536w, https:\/\/ai-box.eu\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/06\/val_batch1_labels-1080x875.jpg 1080w, https:\/\/ai-box.eu\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/06\/val_batch1_labels.jpg 1920w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 300px) 100vw, 300px\" \/><\/a><p id=\"caption-attachment-847\" class=\"wp-caption-text\">EXP35 Validation &#8211; val_batch1_labels<\/p><\/div><\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 50%;\">\n<p><div id=\"attachment_849\" style=\"width: 310px\" class=\"wp-caption alignnone\"><a href=\"https:\/\/ai-box.eu\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/06\/val_batch1_pred-300x243.jpg\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" aria-describedby=\"caption-attachment-849\" class=\"wp-image-849 size-medium\" src=\"https:\/\/ai-box.eu\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/06\/val_batch1_pred-300x243.jpg\" alt=\"EXP35 Validation - val_batch1_pred\" width=\"300\" height=\"243\" srcset=\"https:\/\/ai-box.eu\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/06\/val_batch1_pred-300x243.jpg 300w, https:\/\/ai-box.eu\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/06\/val_batch1_pred-1024x830.jpg 1024w, https:\/\/ai-box.eu\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/06\/val_batch1_pred-768x622.jpg 768w, https:\/\/ai-box.eu\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/06\/val_batch1_pred-1536x1245.jpg 1536w, https:\/\/ai-box.eu\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/06\/val_batch1_pred-1080x875.jpg 1080w, https:\/\/ai-box.eu\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/06\/val_batch1_pred.jpg 1920w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 300px) 100vw, 300px\" \/><\/a><p id=\"caption-attachment-849\" class=\"wp-caption-text\">EXP35 Validation &#8211; val_batch1_pred<\/p><\/div><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"width: 50%;\">\n<p><div id=\"attachment_851\" style=\"width: 310px\" class=\"wp-caption alignnone\"><a href=\"https:\/\/ai-box.eu\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/06\/val_batch2_labels-300x258.jpg\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" aria-describedby=\"caption-attachment-851\" class=\"wp-image-851 size-medium\" src=\"https:\/\/ai-box.eu\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/06\/val_batch2_labels-300x258.jpg\" alt=\"EXP35 Validation - val_batch2_labels\" width=\"300\" height=\"258\" srcset=\"https:\/\/ai-box.eu\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/06\/val_batch2_labels-300x258.jpg 300w, https:\/\/ai-box.eu\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/06\/val_batch2_labels-1024x879.jpg 1024w, https:\/\/ai-box.eu\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/06\/val_batch2_labels-768x659.jpg 768w, https:\/\/ai-box.eu\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/06\/val_batch2_labels-1536x1318.jpg 1536w, https:\/\/ai-box.eu\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/06\/val_batch2_labels-1080x927.jpg 1080w, https:\/\/ai-box.eu\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/06\/val_batch2_labels.jpg 1920w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 300px) 100vw, 300px\" \/><\/a><p id=\"caption-attachment-851\" class=\"wp-caption-text\">EXP35 Validation &#8211; val_batch2_labels<\/p><\/div><\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 50%;\">\n<p><div id=\"attachment_853\" style=\"width: 310px\" class=\"wp-caption alignnone\"><a href=\"https:\/\/ai-box.eu\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/06\/val_batch2_pred-300x258.jpg\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" aria-describedby=\"caption-attachment-853\" class=\"wp-image-853 size-medium\" src=\"https:\/\/ai-box.eu\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/06\/val_batch2_pred-300x258.jpg\" alt=\"EXP35 Validation - val_batch2_pred\" width=\"300\" height=\"258\" srcset=\"https:\/\/ai-box.eu\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/06\/val_batch2_pred-300x258.jpg 300w, https:\/\/ai-box.eu\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/06\/val_batch2_pred-1024x879.jpg 1024w, https:\/\/ai-box.eu\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/06\/val_batch2_pred-768x659.jpg 768w, https:\/\/ai-box.eu\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/06\/val_batch2_pred-1536x1318.jpg 1536w, https:\/\/ai-box.eu\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/06\/val_batch2_pred-1080x927.jpg 1080w, https:\/\/ai-box.eu\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/06\/val_batch2_pred.jpg 1920w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 300px) 100vw, 300px\" \/><\/a><p id=\"caption-attachment-853\" class=\"wp-caption-text\">EXP35 Validation &#8211; val_batch2_pred<\/p><\/div><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n<h2><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"FPM-1_Mine_Detector_Video\"><\/span>FPM-1 Mine Detector Video<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h2>\n<p>The video shows a 3D printed PFM-1 anti-personnel mine that I filmed at different locations. The EXP35 net was used here for the detection of the mine. It is easy to see in this video that hardly any leaves are detected as PFM-1 mines.<\/p>\n<div id=\"attachment_868\" style=\"width: 1034px\" class=\"wp-caption alignnone\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=RM9YKQE6UUM\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" aria-describedby=\"caption-attachment-868\" class=\"wp-image-868 size-large\" src=\"https:\/\/ai-box.eu\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/06\/Video_PFM-1_mine-1024x575.png\" alt=\"Video PFM-1 mine detector\" width=\"1024\" height=\"575\" srcset=\"https:\/\/ai-box.eu\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/06\/Video_PFM-1_mine-1024x575.png 1024w, https:\/\/ai-box.eu\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/06\/Video_PFM-1_mine-300x168.png 300w, https:\/\/ai-box.eu\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/06\/Video_PFM-1_mine-768x431.png 768w, https:\/\/ai-box.eu\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/06\/Video_PFM-1_mine-1080x606.png 1080w, https:\/\/ai-box.eu\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/06\/Video_PFM-1_mine.png 1279w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 1024px) 100vw, 1024px\" \/><\/a><p id=\"caption-attachment-868\" class=\"wp-caption-text\">Video PFM-1 mine detector<\/p><\/div>\n<h2><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"Summary\"><\/span>Summary<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h2>\n<p>With the current version of the YOLOv5m net in the version EXP35 I am so far content that my considerations with the optimization of the training data show successes. It is still a long way to a really stable net but the basis is created and the success achieved so far with really small means gives me confidence. I am curious to see how far I can go with the synthetic data. The goal is to train a neural network that can recognize a variety of mines and not only the difficult to recognize PFM-1 mine.<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>After training the first 31 models for anti-personnel mine detection, my data set has grown significantly. The goal was to reduce the false positives. This was because there were always leaves detected that were similar to a PFM-1 anti-personnel mine and were falsely detected as such. In order for the YOLOv5 network to learn that [&hellip;]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":859,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"_et_pb_use_builder":"","_et_pb_old_content":"","_et_gb_content_width":"","footnotes":""},"categories":[32,51,50],"tags":[107,89,108,127,112,49,128,129],"class_list":["post-872","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-ai-pipeline-en","category-software-en","category-top-story-en","tag-anleitung-en","tag-installation-en","tag-konfiguration-en","tag-pfm-1-en","tag-training-en-2","tag-training-en","tag-yolo-en","tag-yolov5-en","et-has-post-format-content","et_post_format-et-post-format-standard"],"yoast_head":"<!-- This site is optimized with the Yoast SEO plugin v27.3 - https:\/\/yoast.com\/product\/yoast-seo-wordpress\/ -->\n<title>YOLOv5 - Optimization of training data for PFM-1 antipersonnel mine detection - Exploring the Future: Inside the AI Box<\/title>\n<meta name=\"robots\" content=\"index, follow, max-snippet:-1, max-image-preview:large, max-video-preview:-1\" \/>\n<link rel=\"canonical\" href=\"https:\/\/ai-box.eu\/en\/ai-pipeline-en\/yolov5-optimization-of-training-data-for-pfm-1-antipersonnel-mine-detection\/872\/\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:locale\" content=\"en_US\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:type\" content=\"article\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:title\" content=\"YOLOv5 - Optimization of training data for PFM-1 antipersonnel mine detection - Exploring the Future: Inside the AI Box\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:description\" content=\"After training the first 31 models for anti-personnel mine detection, my data set has grown significantly. 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In order for the YOLOv5 network to learn that [&hellip;]\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:url\" content=\"https:\/\/ai-box.eu\/en\/ai-pipeline-en\/yolov5-optimization-of-training-data-for-pfm-1-antipersonnel-mine-detection\/872\/\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:site_name\" content=\"Exploring the Future: Inside the AI Box\" \/>\n<meta property=\"article:published_time\" content=\"2023-06-01T17:09:06+00:00\" \/>\n<meta property=\"article:modified_time\" content=\"2023-06-01T17:15:04+00:00\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:image\" content=\"https:\/\/ai-box.eu\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/06\/PFM-1-overview-cutout.png\" \/>\n\t<meta property=\"og:image:width\" content=\"1069\" \/>\n\t<meta property=\"og:image:height\" content=\"828\" \/>\n\t<meta property=\"og:image:type\" content=\"image\/png\" \/>\n<meta name=\"author\" content=\"Maker\" \/>\n<meta name=\"twitter:card\" content=\"summary_large_image\" \/>\n<meta name=\"twitter:creator\" content=\"@Ingmar_Stapel\" \/>\n<meta name=\"twitter:site\" content=\"@Ingmar_Stapel\" \/>\n<meta name=\"twitter:label1\" content=\"Written by\" \/>\n\t<meta name=\"twitter:data1\" content=\"Maker\" \/>\n\t<meta name=\"twitter:label2\" content=\"Est. reading time\" \/>\n\t<meta name=\"twitter:data2\" content=\"5 minutes\" \/>\n<script type=\"application\/ld+json\" class=\"yoast-schema-graph\">{\"@context\":\"https:\\\/\\\/schema.org\",\"@graph\":[{\"@type\":\"Article\",\"@id\":\"https:\\\/\\\/ai-box.eu\\\/en\\\/ai-pipeline-en\\\/yolov5-optimization-of-training-data-for-pfm-1-antipersonnel-mine-detection\\\/872\\\/#article\",\"isPartOf\":{\"@id\":\"https:\\\/\\\/ai-box.eu\\\/en\\\/ai-pipeline-en\\\/yolov5-optimization-of-training-data-for-pfm-1-antipersonnel-mine-detection\\\/872\\\/\"},\"author\":{\"name\":\"Maker\",\"@id\":\"https:\\\/\\\/ai-box.eu\\\/en\\\/#\\\/schema\\\/person\\\/cc91d08618b3feeef6926591b465eab1\"},\"headline\":\"YOLOv5 &#8211; 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